Time-distance cartogram: World · USA · Europe

Distances are redrawn so that spatial distance ≈ fastest travel time across any mode (walk · car · rail · short-haul flight · long-haul flight). The full pairwise time matrix is made metric via Floyd–Warshall, embedded in 2-D with SMACOF MDS, and the coastline is warped along with the cities using a thin-plate spline. No reference city is required — every one of the N(N−1)/2 pairs contributes equally to the layout.

Europe
North America
South America
Asia
Africa
Oceania / SE Asia
Edge = travel time
½ h 25 h